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UPPCS Chemistry Gap Sheet: Periodic Table Records and Metal Properties.
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First, the concept
The modern periodic table follows atomic number. Elements in a group often have similar outer-electron patterns. Across a period, metallic character generally falls; down a group, atomic size generally rises.
A record needs a condition. Lightest element and lightest metal are different. Liquid at ordinary room temperature is different from melting in a warm hand, and reactivity depends on the reaction being compared.
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Element records
- Hydrogen: lightest element · Atomic number 1; most abundant element in the universe.
- Lithium: lightest metal · Lowest density among metals under ordinary conditions.
- Fluorine: highest electronegativity · Most reactive non-metal in the usual school-level comparison.
- Caesium: highly reactive stable alkali metal · Reacts violently with water; avoid an unqualified comparison with radioactive francium.
- Mercury: liquid metal · Hg; liquid at ordinary room temperature.
- Bromine: liquid non-metal · Br₂; liquid at ordinary room temperature.
- Gallium: low melting point · Melts at about 29.8°C; can melt in a warm hand.
- Osmium: very high density · Usually listed as the densest element under ordinary conditions.
- Tungsten: highest metal melting point · About 3,422°C; used in traditional incandescent bulb filaments.
- Silver: best metallic conductor · Highest electrical conductivity among metals at room temperature.
Abundance and families
- Oxygen in the crust · Most abundant element in Earth's crust by mass.
- Aluminium in the crust · Most abundant metal in Earth's crust.
- Nitrogen in air · About 78% of dry air by volume.
- Noble gases · Group 18; actinium is not a noble gas.
- Halogens · Group 17; fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine belong here.
Useful metal behaviour
- Sodium storage · Stored under kerosene to keep air and moisture away.
- Gold in native form · Low reactivity allows gold to occur in the free state.
- Tin coating · Tin coats copper utensils; it is not a silver coating.
- Sodium vapour lamps · Produce characteristic yellow light.
- Red phosphorus · Used on the striking surface of safety-match boxes.
- White phosphorus · Toxic and more reactive than red phosphorus; glows during slow oxidation in air.
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Abundance and families: 1
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⚠️ Mercury is liquid at 20–25°C; gallium and caesium melt slightly above this range.
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