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UPPCS Medieval History Gap Sheet: Akbar: Conquests and Religious Policy.
UPPCS has asked 16 of these. 4 have not been asked yet. Lock the first list, then read the second: it holds what UPPCS has not used yet.
First, the concept
Akbar consolidated the empire through conquest, alliances and service appointments. Rajput cooperation was important, but Mewar continued resistance during his reign.
His religious policy changed over time. Put tax abolition, debate, the Mahzar and Din-i-Ilahi in order; distinguish a policy of tolerance from an organisation with a small circle of followers.
✅ Already asked (16)
Accession and expansion
- Birth at Amarkot, 1542 · Akbar was born while Humayun was in exile.
- Second Panipat, 1556 · Akbar's forces under Bairam Khan defeated Hemu.
- Amer alliance, 1562 · Akbar married Bharmal's daughter; the Kachhwahas became important allies.
- Gondwana campaign, 1564 · Rani Durgavati resisted the Mughal invasion led by Asaf Khan.
- Bengal conquest, 1576 · Daud Khan Karrani's defeat at Rajmahal helped establish Mughal control in Bengal.
- Asirgarh conquest, 1601 · Akbar's capture of Asirgarh completed the conquest of Khandesh.
Religious decisions
- Pilgrimage tax abolition, 1563 · Akbar removed the tax on pilgrimage.
- Jizya abolition, 1564 · Akbar abolished jizya on non-Muslim subjects.
- Sulh-i-Kul · Universal peace guided tolerance and service without a narrow religious test.
- Mahzar, 1579 · The declaration strengthened Akbar's role in deciding between conflicting religious opinions.
- Din-i-Ilahi, 1582 · Akbar formed a limited spiritual fellowship; Birbal was among its followers.
- Hiravijaya Suri's Jagatguru title · Akbar honoured the Jain monk Hiravijaya Suri.
- Rama-Siya coins · Some coins of Akbar carry images of Rama and Sita with the Rama-Siya legend.
UP court and religious debate
- Ibadat Khana, 1575 · Akbar founded the debate hall at Fatehpur Sikri; participation later widened beyond Muslim scholars.
- Fatehpur Sikri capital · Akbar developed Fatehpur Sikri as an imperial capital near Agra.
- Jaunpur fatwa against Akbar · Religious opposition to Akbar included a fatwa issued from Jaunpur.
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Accession and expansion: 4
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⚠️ Pilgrimage tax was abolished in 1563 and jizya in 1564. Din-i-Ilahi dates to 1582, not the opening of Ibadat Khana in 1575.
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