Which one of the following scholars suggests the earth's origin is from gases and dust particles?

Answer: (d) O. Schmidt

Otto Schmidt (1943) proposed that planets formed from a cloud of gas and dust captured by the Sun.

The idea

Historical origin theories differ in the material they start with and the process they propose. A dust-cloud accretion theory builds a planet by collecting small particles around the Sun. This question asks for the scholar associated with that historical proposal, rather than whether it is the complete modern account.

Gas and solid particles surround the young Sun → Particles collide and stick → Larger bodies attract more material → Planetesimals grow → Repeated accretion builds planets

Why the others are wrong

(a) James Jeans gave the tidal hypothesis (a passing star pulled material from the Sun).

(b) Alfvén worked on electromagnetic theories.

(c) Hoyle proposed other ideas.

Also know

The Jeans-Jeffreys tidal idea invoked a passing star drawing material from the Sun. The modern solar-nebula picture instead begins with a collapsing cloud and a rotating disc. Accretion means growth by adding material; differentiation means later separation inside a body by density. These are different stages, not competing names for one event.