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UPPCS Biology Gap Sheet: Biomolecules and Enzymes.

UPPCS has asked 17 of these. 4 have not been asked yet. Lock the first list, then read the second: it holds what UPPCS has not used yet.

First, the concept

The building block explains the function: sugars supply energy, amino acids form proteins, and nucleotides form DNA and RNA. Lipids store energy and build membranes.

An enzyme speeds a reaction by lowering activation energy. It is not consumed and does not change the reaction equilibrium. Temperature and pH affect its shape and activity.

✅ Already asked (17)

Carbohydrates and lipids

  • Milk sugar · Lactose is glucose plus galactose.
  • Table sugar · Sucrose is glucose plus fructose.
  • Honey sugar · Fructose and glucose are major sugars; proportions vary.
  • Cellulose · Plant-wall polysaccharide; humans lack cellulase to digest it.
  • Glycogen · Animal glucose reserve, mainly in liver and skeletal muscles.
  • Starch · Plant glucose reserve; amylose and amylopectin are its components.
  • Phospholipid · Water-loving head and water-repelling tails form membrane bilayers.
  • Cholesterol · A sterol used in membranes and as a precursor of steroid hormones.
  • Trans fats · Industrial trans fats raise LDL and lower HDL cholesterol.

Proteins, nucleic acids and catalysts

  • Peptide bond · Links amino acids in proteins.
  • Keratin · Structural protein of hair and nails.
  • Casein · Major milk protein; casein particles contribute to milk's white appearance.
  • Collagen · Major structural protein in connective tissues.
  • DNA and RNA sugars · DNA has deoxyribose; RNA has ribose.
  • Nucleotide · Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar and phosphate; nucleoside lacks phosphate.
  • ATP · Immediate energy carrier; hydrolysis can power cellular work.
  • Denaturation · Heat or extreme pH can disrupt protein shape without normally breaking peptide bonds.

❌ Not asked yet (4)

Items marked 'asked in other exams' have come in UPSC or other state exams, not yet in UPPCS.

🔒 4 items not asked yet

Carbohydrates and lipids: 1 · Proteins, nucleic acids and catalysts: 3

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⚠️ Most enzymes are proteins, but catalytic RNA molecules called ribozymes are exceptions.

'Asked' and 'not asked' are checked against every UPPCS question on this site. 'Not asked yet' does not mean it will surely come.

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