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UPPCS Biology Gap Sheet: Cells, Tissues and Organelles.

UPPCS has asked 16 of these. 5 have not been asked yet. Lock the first list, then read the second: it holds what UPPCS has not used yet.

First, the concept

A cell structure is best remembered by its job. Membranes separate reactions, ribosomes make proteins, and mitochondria release usable energy. Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles but do have ribosomes.

Tissues are groups of cells with related functions. Support, transport and protection need different structures; a plant tissue may include both living and dead cells.

✅ Already asked (16)

Organelles

  • Ribosome · Non-membranous site of protein synthesis; cytosolic 70S in prokaryotes and 80S in eukaryotes.
  • Mitochondrion · Double membrane; own DNA; major site of aerobic ATP production.
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum · Ribosomes on its surface make many secreted and membrane proteins.
  • Golgi apparatus · Modifies and packages cell products; contributes to lysosome formation.
  • Lysosome · Contains digestive enzymes that work in an acidic interior.
  • Nucleolus · Makes ribosomal RNA and helps assemble ribosomal subunits.
  • Chloroplast · Double membrane and own DNA; thylakoids carry photosynthetic pigments.
  • Plasma membrane · Selectively permeable lipid bilayer with proteins.
  • Cell wall · Plants: cellulose; fungi: chitin; most bacteria: peptidoglycan.

Tissues and cell processes

  • Ligament and tendon · Ligament joins bone to bone; tendon joins muscle to bone.
  • Xylem · Carries water and minerals; vessels and tracheids are dead at maturity.
  • Phloem · Carries sugars from sources to sinks; sieve tubes are living but lack a mature nucleus.
  • Meristem · Actively dividing cells; apical meristems increase length.
  • Annual rings · Seasonal secondary growth can record tree age; rings are not distinct in every tree.
  • Osmosis · Water crosses a selectively permeable membrane towards lower water potential.
  • Active transport · Moves substances against a gradient using energy.

❌ Not asked yet (5)

Items marked 'asked in other exams' have come in UPSC or other state exams, not yet in UPPCS.

🔒 5 items not asked yet

Organelles: 3 · Tissues and cell processes: 2

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⚠️ Mature human red blood cells lack a nucleus and mitochondria; not every eukaryotic cell contains both.

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