Home › UPPCS › Biology › Gap Sheets › Human Nerves, Hormones, Excretion and Reproduction
UPPCS Biology Gap Sheet: Human Nerves, Hormones, Excretion and Reproduction.
UPPCS has asked 22 of these. 4 have not been asked yet. Lock the first list, then read the second: it holds what UPPCS has not used yet.
First, the concept
Nerves carry rapid electrical signals; hormones travel in blood and act on cells with suitable receptors. The hypothalamus links both systems and helps maintain internal balance.
Excretion removes metabolic wastes, while kidneys also regulate water, salts and acid–base balance. Reproduction combines gametes; hormone feedback controls gamete formation and the menstrual cycle.
✅ Already asked (22)
Nervous system and senses
- Hypothalamus · Regulates temperature, hunger, thirst and endocrine signals.
- Cerebellum · Coordinates movement and balance.
- Medulla oblongata · Helps regulate breathing and cardiovascular reflexes.
- Rods and cones · Rods aid dim-light vision; cones aid colour and detailed vision.
- Cornea · Transparent front layer normally lacks blood vessels; has abundant sensory nerves.
- Stapes · Smallest human bone, in the middle ear.
Endocrine control
- Insulin and glucagon · Pancreatic beta cells lower blood glucose via insulin; alpha cells secrete glucagon.
- Thyroxine · Iodine-containing thyroid hormone supports metabolism.
- Adrenaline · Adrenal medulla hormone supports the fight-or-flight response.
- Cortisol · Adrenal cortex glucocorticoid involved in stress and metabolism.
- Aldosterone · Promotes renal sodium retention and potassium excretion.
- ADH · Promotes water reabsorption in kidney collecting ducts.
- Oxytocin · Peptide hormone causes milk ejection and uterine contractions.
- Melatonin · Pineal hormone signals darkness; bright light can suppress it.
- Parathyroid hormone · Raises blood calcium; parathyroid glands are distinct from the thyroid.
Kidney, respiration and reproduction
- Urea · Made mainly in liver from nitrogen metabolism; excreted mainly by kidneys.
- Urine pigment · Urochrome contributes to normal yellow urine.
- Dialysis · Solute diffusion and ultrafiltration across a membrane substitute some kidney functions.
- Alveoli · Thin walls and capillaries permit lung gas exchange.
- Leydig cells · Testicular cells produce testosterone; Sertoli cells support sperm development.
- Human fertilisation · Usually occurs in the ampullary region of the fallopian tube; implantation is in uterus.
- Copper IUD · Copper impairs sperm function; it does not prevent sexually transmitted infections.
❌ Not asked yet (4)
Items marked 'asked in other exams' have come in UPSC or other state exams, not yet in UPPCS.
🔒 4 items not asked yet
Nervous system and senses: 1 · Endocrine control: 1 · Kidney, respiration and reproduction: 2
The UPPCS Pass opens every Repeat List and Gap Sheet, in English and Hindi.
Unlock the UPPCS Pass · ₹149Already bought? Enter your key
An All Access key works too.
⚠️ ADH and oxytocin are made in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary.
'Asked' and 'not asked' are checked against every UPPCS question on this site. 'Not asked yet' does not mean it will surely come.