Consider the following pairs: Terms sometimes seen in the news — Their origin. Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

Answer: (c) 3 only

Only CDM–Kyoto is right.

Statement by statement

1. ✗ WRONG Annex-I countries (industrialised) come from the UNFCCC / Kyoto — not the Cartagena biosafety protocol.

2. ✗ WRONG Certified Emission Reductions are credits from Kyoto’s CDM — not the Nagoya (ABS) protocol.

3. ✓ CORRECT The Clean Development Mechanism is one of Kyoto’s three market mechanisms.

The idea

Sort every protocol into its treaty family. A term can only come from its own family, so one look at the family settles each pair.

Climate: UNFCCC (1992) → Kyoto Protocol (1997) → Paris Agreement (2015) → Biodiversity: CBD (1992) → Cartagena Protocol (2000) → Nagoya Protocol (2010) → Ozone: Vienna Convention (1985) → Montreal Protocol (1987) → Kigali Amendment (2016)

The trap

All three terms belong to Kyoto/UNFCCC; UNPC swapped in two unrelated protocols.

Elimination technique

In “how many pairs are correctly matched” type questions, all pairs are rarely correct in Environment PYQs. So doubt (d) first.

Also know

Annex I = industrialised countries and economies in transition, listed in the UNFCCC. Annex II = the richer part of Annex I that must give finance and technology. Annex B = the Kyoto list with numerical targets. Cartagena is about safe movement of living modified organisms (biosafety). Nagoya is about access to genetic resources and fair sharing of benefits.